Menstrual Cycle

Have you ever wondered why periods come every month, what changes inside your body before and after menstruation, or why your mood and energy levels shift throughout the month? The menstrual cycle is a fascinating biological rhythm that prepares the female body for potential pregnancy and supports reproductive health throughout life.

The cycle is not just about bleeding — it involves hormones, organs, emotions, physical changes, and multiple processes working together in perfect coordination. Understanding the menstrual cycle helps in recognizing what is normal, what may need medical attention, and how to care for reproductive wellbeing.

What is the Menstrual Cycle?

The menstrual cycle is the monthly sequence of hormonal and physical changes that occur in the female reproductive system. It usually begins during puberty and continues until menopause.

The menstrual cycle is important because it:

• Supports fertility and reproductive health

• Maintains hormone balance

• Influences skin, mood, energy, metabolism, and bone health

• Helps signal underlying health conditions when irregular

Each cycle begins on the first day of menstruation and ends the day before the next period starts.

How the Menstrual Cycle Works

The menstrual cycle works through a series of hormonal signals between the brain and the reproductive organs.

1. The brain releases hormones to stimulate the ovaries

2. An egg begins to mature inside the ovary

3. The uterus builds a lining to prepare for pregnancy

4. Ovulation releases the mature egg

5. If pregnancy does not happen, the lining sheds as menstruation

Hormones that control the menstrual cycle

• Estrogen – builds the uterine lining and supports ovulation

• Progesterone – stabilizes the lining for pregnancy

• FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) – helps eggs develop

• LH (Luteinizing Hormone) – triggers ovulation

Normal menstrual cycle length

A healthy cycle generally lasts 21–35 days. Light variation is normal.

Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle has four major phases:

Menstrual Phase

• The uterine lining sheds

• Bleeding typically lasts 3–7 days

• Hormones are low, causing lower energy or cramps in some individuals

Follicular Phase

• Begins on the first day of bleeding and continues until ovulation

• Estrogen increases, mood and energy often improve

• Multiple eggs start developing, but only one fully matures

Ovulation

• The mature egg is released from the ovary

• This is the most fertile period of the cycle

• Some may feel mild pelvic discomfort called ovulation pain

Luteal Phase

• Progesterone rises to support potential pregnancy

• If pregnancy doesn’t occur, progesterone decreases and the cycle restarts

• PMS symptoms may appear due to hormonal shifts

Anatomy Involved in the Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual Cycle Changes & Symptoms

Common physical symptoms

• Cramps

• Bloating

• Tender breasts

• Fatigue

• Back pain

• Acne flare-ups

Emotional or mood-related symptoms

• Irritability

• Sensitivity to stress

• Food cravings

• Low or high motivation

Normal vs Abnormal variations

Doctors may use the following tests when cycle problems occur:

• Medical history review

• Blood hormone tests

• Pelvic ultrasound

• Physical examination

Medical & supportive options

• Pain relievers (for cramps)

• Hormonal medicines (for cycle regulation)

• Iron supplements (for heavy bleeding–related anemia)

Lifestyle & nutrition tips

• Warm compress for cramps

• Regular exercise & stretching

• Well-balanced meals

• Reducing caffeine & salt during PMS

• Hydration

Supplements (only after medical guidance)

• Vitamin B6

• Magnesium

• Omega-3 fatty acids

• Iron (if deficiency is present)

Menstrual Hygiene & Self-Care

Good hygiene keeps the menstrual period safe and comfortable.

• Change pads/tampons regularly

• Try menstrual cups if preferred

• Wear breathable underwear

• Track your cycle

• Rest when the body feels tired

• Use heat therapy for cramps

Comfort matters — and listening to your body is the key.

When to Consult a Healthcare Provider

Seek medical help if you experience:

• Severe pain interfering with routine

• Extremely heavy bleeding

• Bleeding between periods

• No period for 3+ months (not pregnant)

• Sudden cycle change

• Fainting, fever, or dizziness during periods

The menstrual cycle is not just a monthly event — it’s a vital sign of reproductive and hormonal health. Every phase of the cycle reflects the body’s natural rhythm. Understanding it empowers women to take charge of both physical and emotional wellbeing.

A healthy lifestyle, good hygiene, and timely medical care ensure a happier and more comfortable menstrual experience. Listening to your body is the greatest form of self-care.